參考書目及單元:Friedberg, Insel, Spence (2003), Linear Algebra, 4th edition. Chapter 2 2.1 Linear Transformations, Null spaces, and Ranges、Chapter5 5.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
參考書目及單元:Courant, John (1989), Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol. I. Chapters 1 1.6 The Limit of a Sequence~ 1.7 Discussion of the Concept of Limit